Bibliography
Topics
Aspirations and Careers
Allen, Kim, and Sumi Hollingworth. 2013. “‘Sticky Subjects’ or ‘Cosmopolitan Creatives’? Social Class, Place, and Urban Young People’s Aspirations for Work in the Knowledge Economy.” Urban Studies 50, no. 3: 499–517.
Boughzala, M. 2013, January. “Youth employment and economic transition in Tunisia “(Working Paper No. 57). Brookings Institution, Global Economy and Development.
Carabelli, Giulia, and Dawn Lyon. 2016. “Young people’s orientations to the future: navigating the present and imagining the future.” Journal of Youth Studies 19, no. 8: 1110-1127.
Griffin, Shannon , Jordan Stangle, Sidra Montgomery, and Rachel Gaddes. 2020. “Military and Nonmilitary Careers: Youth Perceptions, Aspirations, and Influences.” Insight Policy Research.
Honwana, Alcinda Manuel. 2012. The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa. Kumarian Press Pub.
Howard, Kimberly. 2011. “Career Aspirations of Youth: Untangling Race/Ethnicity, SES, and Gender.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 79, no. 1: 98–109.
International Labour Organization. 2022. “Youth employment in Turkey: Structural challenges and impact of the pandemic on Turkish and Syrian youth.”
Makaryan, M. 2023, July 28. “Turkey’s young people wonder what’s next as Erdoğan starts another term.” Inkstick Media.
Martinez, Isabel. 2019. Becoming Transnational Youth Workers. Rutgers University Press.
Naidoo, Loshini. 2015. “Imagination and Aspiration: Flames of Possibility for Migrant Background High School Students and Their Parents.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 40, no. 3: n3.
Osterman, Paul. 2008. “College for All? The Labor Market for College-Educated Workers.” Center for American Progress.
Purohit, K. 2024, May 15. “India’s silent youth crisis: College-educated but poorer than a farm hand.” India Election 2024. Al Jazeera.
Sawaya, L., & Serhal, C. 2022. “Lebanon’s youth: Barriers for growth and unfolding opportunities.” UNDP Arab States.
Schoon, Ingrid, and Ela Polek. 2011. “Teenage Career Aspirations and Adult Career Attainment: The Role of Gender, Social, Background, and General Cognitive Ability.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 3: 210–217.
Shobaki, A. 2022. An Uncertain Future for Jordanian Youth. Middle East Democracy Center.
Subramanian, V. 2023. “The Great Indian Brain Drain.” Global Business Culture.
The Aspen Institute (Global Opportunity Youth Network) and Catholic Relief Services. (2024). WORKING WITH EMPLOYERS TO BUILD MORE INCLUSIVE WORKPLACES FOR OPPORTUNITY YOUTH. Global Opportunity Youth Network.
UN News. 2022. “Lebanon crisis robbing young people of their futures: UNICEF.” United Nations News.
Yaseen, Hamzeh. 2020. “Youth Aspirations versus Reality in Jordan: Assessing Youth’s Pathways towards Empowerment and Self Reliance in Jordan.” Aspirations Versus Reality.
Climate Change
Agha, Z., & Chowdhury, S. 2023, July 28. Youth climate action from Indian states and regions. The Climate Group.
Banerjee, P. 2024. “94% Indian youth feels impacted by climate change: Survey.” Down To Earth.
Cagle, A. 2022, April 7. “Tunisia’s youth are demanding climate action.” Earthjustice.
Cardiff University. 2023. “Millennials and Gen-Z Have Higher Rates of Climate Worry.” Cardiff University.
Donger, E. 2022. “Children and Youth in Strategic Climate Litigation: Advancing Rights through Legal Argument and Legal Mobilization.” Transnational Environmental Law, 11 (2), 263–289.
Ergur, S. 2022, July 1. “Almost 95% of youth view climate change as one of the most significant dangers faced by Turkey.” Climate Scorecard.
Funk, Cary. 2021. “Key Findings: How Americans’ Attitudes about Climate Change Differ by Generation, Party and Other Factors.” Pew Research Center.
GlobeScan. 2022. “Forty Percent Cite Climate Concerns as a Deterrent to Having Children.” GlobeScan.
Hickman, Caroline, Elizabeth Marks, Panu Pihkala, Susan Clayton, R Eric Lewandowski, Elouise E Mayall, Britt Wray, Catriona Mellor, and Lise van Susteren. 2021a. “Climate Anxiety in Children and Young People and Their Beliefs about Government Responses to Climate Change: A Global Survey.” The Lancet Planetary Health 5 (12).
Kaufmann, N. 2023, December 15. “Youth mitigating the impacts of climate change in arid Kola, Kenya.” Cultural Survival Quarterly.
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S., Kotcher, J., Carman, J., Neyens, L., Marlon, J., Lacroix, K., & Goldberg, M. (2021). Dramatic increase in public beliefs and worries about climate change. Yale University and George Mason University. New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.
National 4-H Council. 2022. “Environmental Impact Survey – Exploring the Impact of the Environment on Teens.” National 4-H Council and The Harris Poll.
Newport Institute. 2023. “How Climate Change Anxiety Affects Young Adults.” Newport Institute.
Nilsson, Maria, Jospeh M. Antó, and Fiona Charlson. 2022. “Climate Change Impacts on Mental Health in Europe an Overview of Evidence.” European Climate and Health Observatory.
Ogunbode, Charles A., Rouven Doran, Daniel Hanss, Maria Ojala, Katariina Salmela-Aro, Karlijn L. van den Broek, Navjot Bhullar, et al. 2022. “Climate Anxiety, Wellbeing and Pro-Environmental Action: Correlates of Negative Emotional Responses to Climate Change in 32 Countries.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 84 (December): 101887.
Prendergast, Kate & Hayward, Bronwyn & Aoyagi, Midori & Burningham, K. & Hasan, Md. Mehedi & Jackson, Tim & Jha, Vimlendu & Kuroki, Larrisa & Loukianov, Anastasia & Mattar, Helio & Schudel, Ingrid & Venn, Sue & Yoshida, Aya. 2021. “Youth Attitudes and Participation in Climate Protest: An International Cities Comparison Frontiers in Political Science Special Issue: Youth Activism in Environmental Politics.” Frontiers in Political Science.
Poortinga, W., Demski, C. & Steentjes, K. 2023. “Generational differences in climate-related beliefs, risk perceptions and emotions in the UK.” Commun Earth Environ 4, 229.
Ray, Sarah Jaquette. 2021. “The Unbearable Whiteness of Climate Anxiety.” Scientific American.
Rziga, E. 2023, September 5. “Youth for Climate Tunisia: Empowering change through art and activism.” Maft Mag.
Schechter, David, Haley Rush, and Chance Horner. 2023. “As Climate Changes, Climate Anxiety Rises in Youth.” CBS News.
Siccardi, F. 2022, June 30. “Will green activism save Turkey’s democracy? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.”
Swim, Janet K., Rosemary Aviste, Michael L. Lengieza, and Carlie J. Fasano. 2022. “OK Boomer: A Decade of Generational Differences in Feelings about Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change 73 (March): 102479.
Tyson, Alec, Brian Kennedy, and Cary Funk. 2021. “Gen Z, Millennials Stand out for Climate Change Activism, Social Media Engagement with Issue.” Pew Research Center.
Yale Sustainability. 2023. “Yale Experts Explain Climate Anxiety.” Sustainability.yale.edu.
COVID and Health
Abdalmaleki, Elham, Zhaleh Abdi, Sahand Riazi Isfahani, Sara Safarpoor, Bahar Haghdoost, Saharnaz Sazgarnejad, and Elham Ahmadnezhad. 2022. “Global School-Based Student Health Survey: Country Profiles and Survey Results in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries.” BMC Public Health 22 (1).
Al-Smadi, B. 2021. In Jordan, young volunteers are leading efforts to build trust in COVID-19 vaccines. Generation Unlimited.
Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo, Margareth Guimarães Lima, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Renata Cruz Soares de Azevedo, Bruna Kelly Fehlberg, Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Júnior, Luiz Otávio Azevedo, et al. 2022. “Mental Health of Brazilian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Psychiatry Research Communications 2 (1): 100015.
Barry, Laruen, et al. January 2024. “The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of our youth.”
Bhaskar Chakravorty, Apurav Yash Bhatiya, Clément Imbert, Maximilian Lohnert, Poonam Panda, Roland Rathelot. 2023. “Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on India’s rural youth: Evidence from a panel survey and an experiment.” World Development, Volume 168, 106242, ISSN 0305-750X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106242.
Chaaya C, Devi Thambi V, Sabuncu Ö, Abedi R, Osman Ahmed Osman A, Uwishema O, Onyeaka H. 2022. “Ukraine – Russia crisis and its impacts on the mental health of Ukrainian young people during the COVID-19 pandemic.” Ann Med Surg (Lond).
Coe, Eric, Andrew Doy, Kana Enomoto, and Cheryl Healy. 2023. “Gen Z Mental Health: The Impact of Tech and Social Media | McKinsey.” Www.mckinsey.com.
Galvin, G. 2025, January 9. France’s youth mental health crisis has gotten worse since the pandemic, study shows. Euronews.
Gulwani, Dimpal. 2022. “Young India Hesitant in Reaching out for Mental Health Support: UNICEF Survey.” Thelogicalindian.com.
Hani, Anwar Bani, Rohaya Talib, and Ibnatul Jalilah Yusof. 2021. “SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE and ANXIETY among JORDANIAN YOUTH – a SURVEY.” International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review 03 (03): 1023–26.
Huebner, Christine, and Dena Arya. 2020. “The New Pessimism: How COVID-19 Has Made Young People Lose Faith in Their Own Agency.” LSE.
Kaabi, Y. 2021, August 20. “Tunisian youth lead community response to COVID-19.” IREX.
Kanbur, N., & Akgül, S. 2020. “Quaranteenagers: A single country pandemic curfew targeting adolescents in Turkey.” The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(2), 296–297.
Lei Lei, Scott J. South. 2023. “Who returned home? The COVID-19 pandemic and young adults’ residential transitions.” Advances in Life Course Research, Volume 58, 100582, ISSN 1569-4909.
Luppi, Francesca, et al. 16 January 2024. “Leaving and returning to the parental home during COVID times in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom (Volume 50 – Article 3 | Pages 101–114).” Demographic Research.
Martinchek, K. 2024. Young Adults Are Feeling the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects Three Years Later, Especially in Communities of Color. Urban Institute.
Mendes, J. A. A., et. al. (2024). “Young people’s sense of agency and responsibility towards promoting mental health in Brazil: a reflexive thematic analysis.” BMJ open, 14(12), e084996.
Mercier, Etienne, and Amandine Lama. 2021. “Health: One French Teenager in Four Is Affected by a Generalized Anxiety Disorder.” IPSOS.
National 4-H Council. 2020. “New Survey Finds 7 in 10 Teens Are Struggling with Mental Health.” National 4-H Council and The Harris Poll.
OCHA. 2022. COVID-19 and Youth Employment in Jordan and Palestine: Impacts, Opportunities, and a Way Forward. ReliefWeb.
Paris (AFP). 2025. ‘Generational problem’: Youth still struggling in pandemic’s shadow. France 24.
Richardson, Brenda.30 August 2022. “Many Young Adults Who Moved Back Home During The Pandemic Still Live There.” Forbes.
Schady, Norbert, Alaka Holla, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Joana Silva, and Andres Yi Chang. 2023. Collapse and Recovery: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Eroded Human Capital and What to Do about It. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1901-8. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Stone, M., Baker, L., & Stanford, L. 2023, October 16. Why America Has a Youth Mental Health Crisis, and How Schools Can Help. Education Week.
The National Cohesion and Integration Commission & Kenya National Dialogue Forum. (2020). “The Impact of COVID-19 on Kenyan Youth.” NCIC.
The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory. 2023. “Social Media and Youth Mental Health.” Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General.
Working Group on Youth of the Regional Collaborative Platform for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2021. “United Nations survey on Latin American and Caribbean youth within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.” United Nations.
WHO. 2022. “The 2019 global school-based student health survey in Viet Nam: Report.” Manila: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
World Health Organization. 2017. “Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!): Guidance to Support Country Implementation.” WHO.
World Health Organization. 2022. Regional Office for Europe. “Ukraine crisis. Public health situation analysis: refugee-hosting countries, 17 March 2022.” World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
Zhang, Yaoyao, Xiuqin Bao, Jiaxin Yan, Hualing Miao, and Cheng Guo. 2021. “Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Public Health 9 (August).
Education
Alrutz, Megan. 2015. “Digital Storytelling, Applied Theater, and Youth: Performing Possibility.” New York: Routledge.
Antoninis, Manos. 2022. Global Education Monitoring Report 2022 Youth Report: Non-State Actors in Education: Who Chooses? Who Loses? UNESCO Publishing.
Brown, Andrew Ryan, Louay Constant, Peter Glick, Audra K. Grant. 2014. Youth in Jordan: Transitions from Education to Employment. RAND Corporation.
Clancy, Laura, and Sneha Gubbala. 2021. “What Makes Life Meaningful? Globally, Answers Sometimes Vary by Age.” Pew Research Center.
Dasgupta, Sukti, Fernanda Bárcia de Mattos, Kee Beom Kim, Michael Mwasikakata , Niall O’Higgins, Luis Pinedo Caro, Juan Chacaltana, and Marcelo Cuautle Segovia. 2020. “Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020.” International Labour Organization.
Feliciano, D. (2020). “Forty Percent of Brazil’s Youths with College Degrees Have No Professional Employment.” The Rio Times.
International Finance Facility for Education. 2021. “World Leaders Will Fail Children Unless Urgent Action Is Taken to Increase Investment in Education, Warns Theirworld.” Theirworld.
Kerr, Emma, and Sarah Wood. “The Real Cost of For-Profit Colleges.” U.S. News and World Report.
Lama, Amandine. 2022. “The WISE Global Education Barometer 2020.” IPSOS.
Pandit, Ambika. 2021. “73% Indian Youth in Unicef Poll Say Quality of Education Has Become Better Now than in Past.” The Times of India.
Petroni, Fabio, Agnes Vinblad, Hillary Bakrie, Muriam Fancy, Navya Sharan, Daniela Fernández, Kavell Joseph, Corrinne Graham, and David Smith. 2020. “Youth Solutions Report – 4th Edition.” Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
Seres Claivaz, Tamara, and Olga Fedorova. 2021. “Youth Perception of the Oil & Gas Industry: Attracting and Retaining Talent.” World Petroleum Council.
Shin, Haein, and Tara Stafford Ocanse. 2022. Youth and Changing Realities: Rethinking Post-Basic Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. UNESCO Publishing.
Souza, L. 2023. “Brazil has second highest rate of youths who neither work nor study.” agênciaBrasil.
Stornaiuolo, A., & Thomas, E. E. 2017. “Disrupting Educational Inequalities Through Youth Digital Activism.” Review of Research in Education, 41 (1), 337–357.
T. Bernagros, Alexi. 2022. “Barriers and Opportunities for the Use of the Graduation Model in Jordan.” Durable Solutions Platform and RYSE.
UNICEF. 2022. “A Third of Youth Surveyed Globally by UNICEF Say Their Education Is Not Preparing Them with the Skills to Get Jobs.” PwC and UNICEF.
Vallée, Sarah, and Claude Revel. 2022. “EYES REPORT: Thoughts of International Youths.” SKEMA PUBLIKA.
General Youth Surveys
Arab Barometer. 2022. “Arab Barometer VII Tunisia Report.” Arab Barometer.
ASDA’A BCW, PSB Insights, and Proof Communications. 2021. Review of Arab Youth Survey. ASDA’A BCW. 2021.
Awiti, A., Scott, B. 2016. The Kenya Youth Survey Report. East Africa Institute, 1-4.
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. 2020. Review of White Paper on Children and Young People 2020.
Çağlar, Ali. 2022. “Turkish Youth 2021.” Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Turkey.
Clancy, Laura, Roseline Gray, and Bao Vu. 2022. “Large Shares in Many Countries Are Pessimistic about the next Generation’s Financial Future.” Pew Research Center.
Deloitte. 2023. 2023 Gen Z and Millennial Survey. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.
Doueihy, M. (2022). Youth in Lebanon FES MENA Youth Study: Results Analysis. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES).
Ernst & Young India, Viamo, and UNICEF. 2020. Review of The Voices of Youth in South Asia. UNICEF.
Harring, Marius, Daniela Lamby, Julia Peitz, András Bíró-Nagy, and Andrea Szabó. 2023. “Youth Study: Personal Optimism, National Pessimism, and Trust in Europe.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Harvard Public Opinion Project. 2021. “Harvard Youth Poll 42nd Edition.” Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School.
Ichikowitz Family Foundation. 2022. “Review of African Youth Survey 2022.” Ichikowitz Family Foundation.
ICEF Monitor. 2021. “Survey Explores Perspective of Foreign-Enrolled Students in China.” ICEF Monitor – Market Intelligence for International Student Recruitment.
Ipsos. 2018. “Goalkeepers Global Youth Outlook Poll.” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Keating, Avril, and Gabriella Melis. 2021. “Youth Attitudes towards Their Future: The Role of Resources, Agency and Individualism in the UK.” Journal of Applied Youth Studies 5 (November).
NBS, UNFPA, and UNICEF Joint Data Project. 2019. “The Youth Population in China (2018): The Current Situation and Development Trends.” UNFPA China.
RCPCH – Children and Youth Engagement Team. 2020. “COVID-19 Book Club – Children and Young People’s Views.” RCPCH.
Redhill. 2021. ASEAN Youth Survey 2021. REDHILL Communications.
Sharma, Ritu. 2017. “Global Youth Wellbeing Index.” International Youth Foundation.
The Aspen Institute (Global Opportunity Youth Network) and Catholic Relief Services. 2024. Detailed case study of GOYN’s youth hubs approach in rural India. Global Opportunity Youth Network.
Turkish Statistical Institute. 2021. “Youth in Statistics, 2020.” TurkStat.
Turkish Statistical Institute. 2022. “Youth in Statistics, 2021.” TurkStat.
UNICEF. 2021. “The Changing Childhood Project’.” UNICEF, New York.
UNICEF Lebanon. 2022. “Searching for Hope Report: A Grim Outlook for Youth as Lebanon Teeters on the Brink of Collapse.” UNICEF.
United Nations. 2018. Review of World Youth Report. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
United Nations. 2019. “Youth Social Entrepreneurship and the 2030 Agenda | United Nations for Youth.”
Weldali, M. 2024, November 11. Jordan’s youth perceive human rights as critical but face barriers to action – study. Jordan Times.
World Economic Forum, Marsh McLennan, SK Group, and Zurich Insurance Group. 2021. The Global Risks Report 2021.
Xinhua. 2022. “Youth of China in the New Era.” The State Council Information Office: The People’s Republic of China.
History of Youth
Baxter, Kent. 2008. The Modern Age: Turn-of-the-Century American Culture and the Invention of Adolescence. First edition. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Clark, Paul. 2012. Youth Culture in China. Cambridge University Press.
Edmunds, June, and Bryan S. Turner. 2005. “Global Generations: Social Change in the Twentieth Century.” The British Journal of Sociology 56 (4): 559–77.
Graham, Sarah, ed. 2019. A History of the Bildungsroman. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Honwana, Alcinda Manuel. 2019. “Youth Struggles: From the Arab Spring to Black Lives Matter & Beyond.” African Studies Review, 62 (1): 8–21.
Menand, Louis. 2021. “It’s Time to Stop Talking about ‘Generations.’” The New Yorker. October 7, 2021.
Sengupta, Somini. 2016. The End of Karma: Hope and Fury among India’s Young. W. W. Norton & Company.
Identity
Arab News. 2020. “French Youth of Arab Origin Mistrust Secularism, National Symbols, Finds Poll.” Arab News.
Buckingham, David. 2008. Youth, Identity, and Digital Media. Cambridge, Mass.: Mit Press.
Clausen, John A., 1995. “Gender, Contexts, and Turning Points in Adults’ Lives.” In Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development, edited by P. Moen, G.H. Elder Jr, and K. Luscher, 365–89. Washington, D.C.: APA Press.
Costanza, David. 2018. “Can We Please Stop Talking about Generations as If They Are a Thing?” Slate Magazine. Slate.
Dimock, Michael. 2019. “Defining Generations: Where Millennials End and Generation Z Begins.” Pew Research Center. January 17, 2019.
Hawkins, Bryan. 2002. “Children’s drawing, self-expression, identity, and the imagination.” International Journal of Art & Design Education 21, no. 3: 209-219.
Herrera, Linda, and Asef Bayat. 2010. Being Young and Muslim : New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North. New York: Oxford University Press.
Johansson, Thomas. 2017. “Youth Studies in Transition: Theoretical Explorations.” International Review of Sociology 27, no. 3: 510-524.
Kekes, John. 1991. “Moral imagination, freedom, and the humanities.” American Philosophical Quarterly 28, no. 2: 101-111.
Mandache, L. A. 2024. “Ambivalent citizenship: political cynicism, community engagement and belonging among youth in Brazil.” Citizenship Studies, 28(4–5), 498–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2024.2418942
Nilan, Pam, and Carles Feixa, eds. 2006. Global Youth? Hybrid Identities, Plural Worlds. 1st Edition. London: Routledge.
Yüce, Müzeyyen. 2020. “70 Percent of Kurdish Youth Face Discrimination in Turkey, Poll Reveals.” duvaR.english.
Yıldız, K. M. 2021, August 4. Turkey’s youth worried about their social, economic well-being. Duvar English.
Intergenerational Differences
Boyon, Nicolas. 2023. “Two Global Religious Divides: Geographic and Generational.” Ipsos.
Clark, A., & Duncan, P. 2024, May 28. “Young more anti-immigration than old in parts of Europe, polling shows.” The Guardian.
Korostelina, Karina , and Gerard Toal. 2022. “Generational Divides in Wartime Ukraine: Perceptions of War and Peace | Wilson Center.” Www.wilsoncenter.org.
Lipka, Michael, Becka A. Alper, and Justin Nortey. 2022. “Younger Evangelicals in the U.S. Are More Concerned than Their Elders about Climate Change.” Pew Research Center.
Liu, Yi-Ling. 2021. “China’s ‘Involuted Generation.'” The New Yorker.
Méheut, C., & Onishi, N. 2021, July 21. “France’s Ideals Are a Harder Sell Among Diverse Youth (Published 2021).” The New York Times.
Pew Research Center. 2018. “The Age Gap in Religion around the World.” Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project.
Sechopoulos, Stella. 2022. “Most in the U.S. Say Young Adults Today Face More Challenges than Their Parents’ Generation in Some Key Areas.” Pew Research Center.
Survey Center on American Life. 2022. “Generational Split on Success.” The Survey Center on American Life.
Politics
Abed, D., Sawaya, R., & Tabbal, N. 2022. Analyzing Voter Turnout and Behavior in Lebanon. Oxfam Policy and Practice.
Alter, Charlotte. 2018. “The School Shooting Generation Has Had Enough.” Time.
Bjornsgaard, Kelsey, Tim Hulse, and Charlotte Moeyens. 2020. “The Many States of Activism: The Global YouthCAN Activism Survey.” Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
Craner, I., Karadag, Y., & Ates, Z. 2022, April 13. The role of youth in Turkish politics and their concerns. International Republican Institute.
Cordonnier, A. 2023, June 22. A News Revolution for Young People Takes Root in France. The New York Times.
Diouf, Mamadou. 2018. “Young People and Public Space in Africa: Past and Present.” In The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History, edited by Martin S. Shanguhyia and Toyin Falola. Springer: 1155-1173.
The Economist. 2022. “Our Polling Reveals a Striking Generational Divide on Ukraine.” The Economist.
Fahmy, Eldin. 2006. Young Citizens: Young People’s Involvement in Politics and Decision Making. London: Routledge.
Gabriela Pavarini, Chantelle Booysen, Tanvi Jain, Joanna Lai, Kiran Manku, Ashley Foster-Estwick, Grace Gatera, Damian Omari Juma, David Karorero, Kumba Philip-Joe, Chinwendu Genevive Ukachukwu, Claudia Sartor, Lian Zeitz, Mychelle Farmer, Ilina Singh. 2023. “Agents of Change for Mental Health: A Survey of Young People’s Aspirations for Participation Across Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 72, Issue 1, Pages S96-S104.
Generation G, Center for Strategic Studies, & Arab Renaissance for Democracy and Development. (2021). Youth Political Participation in Jordan between Political Knowledge Production and Practice. Renaissance Strategic Center.
Goedhuys, Micheline, Michael Grimm, Aline Meysonnat, Eleonora Nillesen, and Ann-Kristin Reitmann. 2021. “Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Illustration Using the Example of Tunisia.” IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
Grozovski, Boris. 2022. “Long Read: Russian Youth against War.” The Wilson Center.
Harb, M. 2021, June 17. Youth in Lebanon: Policy Narratives, Attitudes, and Forms of Mobilization. Arab Center Washington DC.
Hung, Yvonne. 2011. “The Role of the Geographical Imagination in Young People’s Political Engagement.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 3: 578–93.
Hurst, Kiley. 2022. “U.S. Teens Are More Likely than Adults to Support the Black Lives Matter Movement.” Pew Research Center.
Ipsos European Public Affairs. 2021. “European Parliament Youth Survey – September 2021.” European Parliament, Directorate-General for Communication.
Iskandar, Adel. 2019. “Egyptian Youth’s Digital Dissent.” Journal of Democracy 30, no. 3.154-64.
J Abbink, Ineke Van Kessel, and Rijksuniversiteit Te Leiden. Afrika-Studiecentrum. 2005. Vanguard or Vandals: Youth, Politics, and Conflict in Africa. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Kelz, Rosine. 2019. “Thinking about future/democracy: towards a political theory of Futurity.” Sustainability Science 14, no. 4: 905-913.
Kimeu, Caroline. 2022. “‘It’s an Illusion of Choice’: Why Young Kenyans Are Boycotting the Election.” The Guardian.
Krause, Heather. 2018. “Generation Activist: Young People Choose Protest over Traditional Politics.” Orb Media. 2018.
Malafaia, C., Neves, T., & Menezes, I. 2021. “The Gap Between Youth and Politics: Youngsters Outside the Regular School System Assessing the Conditions for Be(com)ing Political Subjects.” YOUNG, 29(5), 437–455.
Mansouri, F. 2020. “Youth and political engagement in post-revolution Tunisia.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(1), 104–120.
Masweneng, K. 2024, December 20. #Up4Democracy: The role of youth in reclaiming democracy in Africa. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom.
McCullough, Alan and Felton Morrell, et. al. 2020. “The EVAC Movement Story: Why Youth Storytelling is Powerful.” Harvard Educational Review 90, no. 2: 195-228.
Moyer, Jeffrey S. and Mark Warren, et. al. 2020. “’Our Stories are Powerful’: The Use of Youth Storytelling in Policy Advocacy to Combat the School-to-Prison Pipeline.” Harvard Educational Review 90, no. 2: 172-194.
Muggah, R. 2017. Youth, Peace and Security: Brazil Revisited. Instituto Igarapé.
National Democratic Institute. 2016. YOUTH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN JORDAN: A MIDDLE EAST SUCCESS STORY.
Nicholas Nassar, F. 2022, September. The Critical State of Youth in Lebanon: Past Breaking Point and Organizing for Change. The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies.
Philipps, Joschka. 2017. “Politics of the Future–Riots of the Now. Temporal Horizons of Youth in Upheavals in England and Guinea.” 123-147.
Shan, Wei, and Juan Chen. 2021. “Chinese Youth: Westernised but Not Pro-Democracy.” The China Story.
Silver, Laura. 2023. “As Biden Considers Reelection Bid, Who Are the Oldest – and Youngest – Current World Leaders?” Pew Research Center.
Vallée, S., & Revel, C. 2022. “What Are the Political Preoccupations of French Youths?” SKEMA Think Tank.
Wike, Richard, and Alexandra Castillo. 2018. “Many around the World Are Disengaged from Politics.” Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project.
Youth Democracy Cohort. 2022. KENYA – YOUTH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. Youth Democracy Cohort.
Society and Culture
Arab Reform Initiative. 2024, March 13. “Promoting Tunisian youth participation in times of ‘de-transition’ (2023-2024).”
Bommanal, S. 2024. “Social Media and Youth in India: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications.” Alochana Journal, 13(4), 186-192.
Broadbent, Emma, John Gougoulis, Nicole Lui, Vikas Pota, and Jonathan Simons. 2017. “What the World’s Young People Think and Feel.” London: Varkey Foundation.
Brown, Trent, Timothy J. Scrase, and Ruchira Ganguly-Scrase. 2017. “Globalised dreams, local constraints: migration and youth aspirations in an Indian regional town.” Children’s Geographies 15, no. 5: 531-544.
Dua, André, Kweilin Ellingrud, Michael Lazar, Ryan Luby, and Sarah Pemberton. 2022. “How Does Gen Z See Its Place in the Working World? With Trepidation | McKinsey.” McKinsey and Company.
Dunlap, Julie, and Susan A Cohen. 2016. Coming of Age at the End of Nature. Trinity University Press.
Duvar English. 2021. “One Third of Turkish Youth Want to Live Abroad, Survey Finds.” duvaR.english
Ersan, M. 2022. Jordan: Young activists complain of democracy being muzzled in the kingdom. Middle East Eye.
Hall, G. Stanley. 1904. Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Herrera, Linda. 2014. Wired Citizenship: Youth Learning and Activism in the Middle East. Routledge.
Maarfi, Henda. 2023. “The Tunisian Youth in a Whirlwind of Uncertainty.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Mannheim, Karl. 1998. “The Sociological Problem of Generations.” Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, 181–93.
Menezes, Alessandra A. S., Dandara O. Ramos, Zila M. Sanchez, and Richard Miskolci. 2022. “Racial-Based Bullying and Substance Use: A Brazilian National Cross-Sectional Survey among Students.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, May.
Miller, Claire Cain, and Alicia Parlapiano. 2021. “Where Are Young People Most Optimistic? In Poorer Nations.” The New York Times, The Upshot.
Moretti, Franco. 1987. The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture. London: Verso.
Moufarrej, E. 2023, August 25. “The Lebanese Economic Crisis and its Effects on Youth.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Nassar, Fadi Nicholas. 2022. “Survey: Economic Collapse and Government Failure Drive Lebanese Youth to Emigrate.” LCPS.
Sneed, Paul. 2008. “Favela Utopias: The ‘Bailes Funk’ in Rio’s Crisis of Social Exclusion and Violence.” Latin American Research Review 43, no. 2: 57–79.
Taylor, George. 2006. “Ricoeur’s philosophy of imagination.” Journal of French Philosophy 16:93.
UNICEF Lebanon. 2021. “Landmark Intergenerational Poll Shows Young People Are 50% More Likely than Older Generations to Believe the World Is Becoming a Better Place – yet Impatient for Action on Mounting Crises.” Www.unicef.org.
Woodman, Dan, and Johanna Wyn. 2015. Youth and Generation: Rethinking Change and Inequality in the Lives of Young People. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
World Bank. 2014, November 1. “Tunisia: Breaking the barriers to youth inclusion (Report No. 89233).”
Yee, V. (2020, August 28). Desperate to Leave Beirut, Young Lebanese Are Also the Ones Fixing It (Published 2020). The New York Times.
Zak Dychtwald. 2018. Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press.”
Tech and Social Media
Anderson, Monica, Skye Toor, Lee Rainie, and Aaron Smith. 2018. “1. Public Attitudes toward Political Engagement on Social Media.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech.
Auxier, Brooke. 2020. “Activism on Social Media Varies by Race and Ethnicity, Age, Political Party.” Pew Research Center.
Auxier, Brooke, and Colleen McClain. 2020. “Americans Think Social Media Can Help Build Movements, but Can Also Be a Distraction.” Pew Research Center.
Bommanal, S. 2024. “Social Media and Youth in India: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications.” Alochana Journal, 13(4), 186-192.
Carnegie, Megan. 2022. “Gen Z: How Young People Are Changing Activism.” BBC.
Cortés-Ramos, Antonio, Juan Antonio Torrecilla García, Miguel Landa-Blanco, Francisco Javier Poleo Gutiérrez, and María Teresa Castilla Mesa. 2021. “Activism and Social Media: Youth Participation and Communication.” Sustainability 13 (18): 10485.
Cho, Alexander, Jasmina Byrne, and Zoë Pelter. 2020. “Digital Civic Engagement by Young People.” UNICEF.
Drummond-Bey, Gahmya. 2023. “Tech Talk: Why Digital Identity Is Essential for Digital Activism.” Www.verizon.com.
Edelman. 2022. “THE NEW CASCADE of INFLUENCE 2022 Edelman Trust Barometer Special Report.” Edelman.
Friel, Sonya. 2021. “Modern-Day Youth Activism: Youth Engagement in the Digital Age.” Global Fund for Children.
Idrizi, Zana, Susanna Dakash, Victor Lachenait, and Veronica Stefan. 2021. “Civic Participation of Youth in a Digital World: Rapid Analysis – Europe and Central Asia.” UNDP Istanbul Regional Hub for Europe and Central Asia.
Kahne, Joseph, and Benjamin Bowyer. 2018. “The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks.” Political Communication 35 (3): 470–93.
Kamau, A. 2023. “How young Kenyans are using social media and digital platforms to create awareness and advocate for social change.” Youth Future Lab.
Kreacic, Ana, John Romeo, Simon Luong, Lucia Uribe, Amy Lasater-Wille, and Elizabeth Costa. 2023. “What Business Needs to Know about the Generation Changing Everything Click.” Oliver Wyman Forum.
Lenoir, Théophile, Gilles Babinet, and Thierry Jadot. 2020. “French Youth: Online and Exposed.” Institut Montaigne.
Lenovo. 2020. “Empathy and Technology Report.” Njuguna, Christine, Joyce Gikandi, Lucy Kathuri-Ogola, and Joan Kabaria-Muriithi.
Malab, D. 2023. Effects Of Social media On Youth In Lebanon. Global History Dialogues.
Nyamweya, M. 2023. Kenya’s Gen Z protests and the power of digital activism. Democracy in Africa.
Pelter, Zoë. 2020. “Pandemic Participation: Youth Activism Online in the COVID-19 Crisis.” Www.unicef.org.
“Social Media as a Battleground for Electoral Violence among Netizens in Africa: The Case of Kenyan Youth.” East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 2 (1): 104–15.
RITEC, UNICEF, Western Sydney University. 2022. “Responsible Innovation in Technology for Children.” UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence.
Stanley, Rwanda. 2018. “The Role of Social Media in Income Generation among the Youth in Kenya: A Case of Senior Youth in Four Selected Seventh-Day Adventist Churches in Nairobi.” University of Nairobi.
Stornaiuolo, Amy, and Ebony Elizabeth Thomas. 2017. “Disrupting Educational Inequalities through Youth Digital Activism.” Review of Research in Education 41: 337–57.
Twenge, Jean M. 2017. “Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?” The Atlantic.
UNICEF. 2020. “How Many Children and Young People Have Internet Access at Home?” UNICEF DATA.
University of Sussex. 2022. “Is Digital Activism Effective? | University of Sussex.” University of Sussex – Study Online.
Vieira, Yohana Pereira, Vanise dos Santos Ferreira Viero, Elizabet Saes-Silva, Priscila Arruda da Silva, Laura Silva da Silva, Mirelle de Oliveira Saes, Lauro Miranda Demenech, and Samuel Carvalho Dumith. 2022. “Excessive Use of Social Media by High School Students in Southern Brazil.” Revista Paulista De Pediatria 40: e2020420.
Wang, Vivian, and Javier C. Hernandez. 2020. “Coronavirus Crisis Awakens a Sleeping Giant: China’s Youth.” The New York Times.
Youth and Globalization
Appadurai, Arjun. 2013. “The Future as Cultural Fact Essays on the Global Condition.” London: Verso.
Arous, M. 2022, September 14. “To support youth, Tunisia needs a new approach to development.” United States Institute of Peace.
Cole, Jennifer, and Deborah Lynn Durham. 2007. Generations and Globalization : Youth, Age, and Family in the New World Economy / Edited by Jennifer Cole & Deborah Durham. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Everatt, D. 2015. “The Politics of Non-belonging in the Developing World.” In: Wyn, J., Cahill, H. (eds) Handbook of Children and Youth Studies. Springer, Singapore.
Gaspard, P. 2023, April 24. Congress Must Bolster Youth Employment Programs To Secure America’s Economic Future. Center for American Progress.
James E. Côté. 2014. “Towards a new political economy of youth.” Journal of Youth Studies. 17:4. 527-543.
Khurma, Merissa. 2023. “China Has a Growing Presence in Arab Hearts and Minds | Wilson Center.” Www.wilsoncenter.org.
Ling, Minhua. 2019. The Inconvenient Generation. Stanford University Press.
Liu, Fengshu. 2011. Urban Youth in China: Modernity, the Internet and the Self. Routledge.
Messner, J.J., Patricia Taft, Daniet Moges, Amanda Quinn, Rhea Bhambani, Charles Fiertz, Hannah Blyth, et al. 2019. “FRAGILE STATES INDEX ANNUAL REPORT 2019.” The Fund for Peace.
Philipps, Joschka. 2018. “A Global Generation? Youth Studies in a Postcolonial World.” Societies 8, no. 1: 14.
Ruddick, Sue. 2003. “The Politics of Aging: Globalization and the Restructuring of Youth and Childhood.” Antipode 35, no. 2: 334-362.
Sguazzin, Antony. 2022. “Ichikowitz Family Foundation – IFF.” Ichikowitzfoundation.com.
Sukarieh, Mayssoun, and Stuart Tannock. 2015. Youth Rising: The Politics of Youth in the Global Economy. New York: Routledge.
Taft Nasri, Patricia, Nate Haken, Wendy Wilson, Sarah Cockey, Adèle Diop, Katelin Reger, Natosha Hoduski, et al. 2021. “FRAGILE STATES INDEX ANNUAL REPORT 2021.” The Fund for Peace.
Turner, Justin. 2015. “Being Young in the Age of Globalization: A Look at Recent Literature on Neoliberalism’s Effects on Youth.” Social Justice 41: 8.
UNICEF Lebanon. 2022. “Struggling to Keep the Taps On: Lebanon’s Water Crisis Continues to Put Children at Risk.” Www.Unicef.org. UN Trade and Development. (2021). How Brazilian youth are supercharging sustainable development. UNCTAD.
World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China. 2022. Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Workshop Countries
Brazil
Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo, Margareth Guimarães Lima, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Renata Cruz Soares de Azevedo, Bruna Kelly Fehlberg, Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Júnior, Luiz Otávio Azevedo, et al. 2022. “Mental Health of Brazilian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Psychiatry Research Communications 2 (1): 100015.
Feliciano, D. 2020. “Forty Percent of Brazil’s Youths with College Degrees Have No Professional Employment.” The Rio Times.
Mandache, L. A. 2024. “Ambivalent citizenship: political cynicism, community engagement and belonging among youth in Brazil.” Citizenship Studies, 28(4–5), 498–515.
Mendes, J. A. A., Murta, S. G., Siston, F. R., da Cunha, R. O., Seabra, B. T. R., Ferreira, J. A., de Souza, R. R. A., Santos, V. H. L., Singh, I., & Pavarini, G. 2024. “Young people’s sense of agency and responsibility towards promoting mental health in Brazil: a reflexive thematic analysis.” BMJ open, 14(12), e084996.
Menezes, Alessandra A. S., Dandara O. Ramos, Zila M. Sanchez, and Richard Miskolci. 2022. “Racial-Based Bullying and Substance Use: A Brazilian National Cross-Sectional Survey among Students.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, May.
Muggah, R. 2017. Youth, Peace and Security: Brazil Revisited. Instituto Igarapé.
Sneed, Paul. 2008. “Favela Utopias: The ‘Bailes Funk’ in Rio’s Crisis of Social Exclusion and Violence.” Latin American Research Review 43, no. 2: 57–79.
Souza, L. 2023. “Brazil has second highest rate of youths who neither work nor study.” agênciaBrasil.
The Aspen Institute (Global Opportunity Youth Network) and Catholic Relief Services. 2024. “WORKING WITH EMPLOYERS TO BUILD MORE INCLUSIVE WORKPLACES FOR OPPORTUNITY YOUTH.” Global Opportunity Youth Network.
UN Trade and Development. 2021. “How Brazilian youth are supercharging sustainable development.” UNCTAD.
Vieira, Yohana Pereira, Vanise dos Santos Ferreira Viero, Elizabet Saes-Silva, Priscila Arruda da Silva, Laura Silva da Silva, Mirelle de Oliveira Saes, Lauro Miranda Demenech, and Samuel Carvalho Dumith. 2022. “Excessive Use of Social Media by High School Students in Southern Brazil.” Revista Paulista De Pediatria 40: e2020420.
China
Clark, Paul. 2012. Youth Culture in China. Cambridge University Press.
ICEF Monitor. 2021. “Survey Explores Perspective of Foreign-Enrolled Students in China.” ICEF Monitor – Market Intelligence for International Student Recruitment.
Khurma, Merissa. 2023. “China Has a Growing Presence in Arab Hearts and Minds | Wilson Center.” Www.wilsoncenter.org.
Liu, Fengshu. 2011. “Urban Youth in China: Modernity, the Internet and the Self.” Routledge.
NBS, UNFPA, and UNICEF Joint Data Project. 2019. “The Youth Population in China 2018: The Current Situation and Development Trends.” UNFPA China.
Shan, Wei, and Juan Chen. 2021. “Chinese Youth: Westernised but Not Pro-Democracy.” The China Story.
World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China. 2022. “Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead.” Washington, DC: World Bank.
Xinhua. 2022. “Youth of China in the New Era.” The State Council Information Office: The People’s Republic of China.
Yi-Ling Liu. 2021, May 14. “China’s ‘Involuted Generation.'” The New Yorker.
Zak Dychtwald. 2018. Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Zhang, Yaoyao, Xiuqin Bao, Jiaxin Yan, Hualing Miao, and Cheng Guo. 2021. “Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Public Health 9 (August).
France
Arab News. 2020. “French Youth of Arab Origin Mistrust Secularism, National Symbols, Finds Poll.” Arab News.
Bolivar, Adriana C., “Battling youth unemployment in France: Can Macron put young people to work?” 2021. Senior Honors Projects, 2020-current. 129.
Clark, A., & Duncan, P. 2024, May 28. “Young more anti-immigration than old in parts of Europe, polling shows.” The Guardian.
Cordonnier, A. 2023, June 22. “A News Revolution for Young People Takes Root in France.” The New York Times.
Galvin, G. 2025, January 9. “France’s youth mental health crisis has gotten worse since the pandemic, study shows.” Euronews.
Lenoir, Théophile, Gilles Babinet, and Thierry Jadot. 2020. “French Youth: Online and Exposed.” Institut Montaigne.
Méheut, C., & Onishi, N. 2021, July 21. “France’s Ideals Are a Harder Sell Among Diverse Youth (Published 2021).” The New York Times.
Mercier, Etienne, and Amandine Lama. 2021. “Health: One French Teenager in Four Is Affected by a Generalized Anxiety Disorder.” IPSOS.
Paris (AFP). 2025. “‘Generational problem’: Youth still struggling in pandemic’s shadow.” France 24.
Vallée, S., & Revel, C. 2022. “What Are the Political Preoccupations of French Youths?” SKEMA Think Tank.
India
Agha, Z., & Chowdhury, S. 2023, July 28. “Youth climate action from Indian states and regions.” The Climate Group.
Banerjee, P. 2024. “94% Indian youth feels impacted by climate change: Survey.” Down To Earth.
Bhaskar Chakravorty, Apurav Yash Bhatiya, Clément Imbert, Maximilian Lohnert, Poonam Panda, Roland Rathelot. 2023. “Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on India’s rural youth: Evidence from a panel survey and an experiment.” World Development, Volume 168, 106242.
Bommanal, S. 2024. “Social Media and Youth in India: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications.” Alochana Journal, 13(4), 186-192.
Brown, Trent, Timothy J. Scrase, and Ruchira Ganguly-Scrase. 2017. “Globalised dreams, local constraints: migration and youth aspirations in an Indian regional town.” Children’s Geographies 15, no. 5: 531-544.
Gulwani, Dimpal. 2022. “Young India Hesitant in Reaching out for Mental Health Support: UNICEF Survey.” Thelogicalindian.com.
Pandit, Ambika. 2021. “73% Indian Youth in Unicef Poll Say Quality of Education Has Become Better Now than in Past.” The Times of India.
Purohit, K. 2024, May 15. “India’s silent youth crisis: College-educated but poorer than a farm hand. India Election 2024.” Al Jazeera.
Subramanian, V. 2023. “The Great Indian Brain Drain.” Global Business Culture.
The Aspen Institute (Global Opportunity Youth Network) and Catholic Relief Services. 2024. “Detailed case study of GOYN’s youth hubs approach in rural India.” Global Opportunity Youth Network.
Jordan
Al-Smadi, B. 2021. “In Jordan, young volunteers are leading efforts to build trust in COVID-19 vaccines.” Generation Unlimited.
Brown, Andrew Ryan, Louay Constant, Peter Glick, Audra K. Grant. 2014. “Youth in Jordan: Transitions from Education to Employment.” RAND Corporation.
Ersan, M. 2022. “Jordan: Young activists complain of democracy being muzzled in the kingdom.” Middle East Eye.
Generation G, Center for Strategic Studies, & Arab Renaissance for Democracy and Development. 2021. “Youth Political Participation in Jordan between Political Knowledge Production and Practice.” Renaissance Strategic Center.
Hani, Anwar Bani, Rohaya Talib, and Ibnatul Jalilah Yusof. 2021. “SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE and ANXIETY among JORDANIAN YOUTH – a SURVEY.” International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review 03 (03): 1023–26.
National Democratic Institute. 2016. “YOUTH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN JORDAN: A MIDDLE EAST SUCCESS STORY.”
OCHA. 2022. “COVID-19 and Youth Employment in Jordan and Palestine: Impacts, Opportunities, and a Way Forward.” ReliefWeb.
Shobaki, A. 2022. “An Uncertain Future for Jordanian Youth.” Middle East Democracy Center.
Weldali, M. 2024, November 11. “Jordan’s youth perceive human rights as critical but face barriers to action – study.” Jordan Times.
Yaseen, Hamzeh. 2020. “Youth Aspirations versus Reality in Jordan: Assessing Youth’s Pathways towards Empowerment and Self Reliance in Jordan.” Aspirations Versus Reality.
Kenya
Kamau, A. 2023. “How young Kenyans are using social media and digital platforms to create awareness and advocate for social change.” Youth Future Lab.
Kaufmann, N. 2023, December 15. “Youth mitigating the impacts of climate change in arid Kola, Kenya.” Cultural Survival Quarterly.
Kimeu, C. 2022. “‘It’s an illusion of choice’: Why young Kenyans are boycotting the election.” The Guardian.
Masweneng, K. 2024, December 20. “#Up4Democracy: The role of youth in reclaiming democracy in Africa.” Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom.
Nyamweya, M. 2023. “Kenya’s Gen Z protests and the power of digital activism.” Democracy in Africa.
“Social media as a battleground for electoral violence among netizens in Africa: The case of Kenyan youth.” 2020. East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2(1), 104–115.
Stanley, R. 2018. “The role of social media in income generation among the youth in Kenya: A case of senior youth in four selected Seventh-Day Adventist churches in Nairobi (Master’s thesis).” University of Nairobi.
The National Cohesion and Integration Commission & Kenya National Dialogue Forum. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Kenyan Youth. NCIC. Youth Democracy Cohort. “2022. KENYA – YOUTH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. Youth Democracy Cohort.
Lebanon
Abed, D., Sawaya, R., & Tabbal, N. 2022. “Analyzing Voter Turnout and Behavior in Lebanon.” Oxfam Policy and Practice.
Doueihy, M. 2022. “Youth in Lebanon FES MENA Youth Study: Results Analysis.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES).
Harb, M. 2021, June 17. “Youth in Lebanon: Policy Narratives, Attitudes, and Forms of Mobilization.” Arab Center Washington DC.
Malab, D. 2023. “Effects Of Social media On Youth In Lebanon.” Global History Dialogues.
Moufarrej, E. 2023, August 25. “The Lebanese Economic Crisis and its Effects on Youth.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Nicholas Nassar, F. 2022, September. “The Critical State of Youth in Lebanon: Past Breaking Point and Organizing for Change.” The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies.
Sawaya, L., & Serhal, C. 2022. “Lebanon’s youth: Barriers for growth and unfolding opportunities.” UNDP Arab States.
UN News. 2022. “Lebanon crisis robbing young people of their futures: UNICEF.” United Nations News.
UNICEF Lebanon. 2022. “Searching for Hope Report: A Grim Outlook for Youth as Lebanon Teeters on the Brink of Collapse.” UNICEF.
UNICEF Lebanon. 2022. “Struggling to Keep the Taps On: Lebanon’s Water Crisis Continues to Put Children at Risk.” Www.Unicef.org.
Yee, V. 2020, August 28. “Desperate to Leave Beirut, Young Lebanese Are Also the Ones Fixing It (Published 2020).” The New York Times.
Tunisia
Arab Reform Initiative. 2024, March 13. “Promoting Tunisian youth participation in times of ‘de-transition’ (2023-2024).”
Arous, M. 2022, September 14. “To support youth, Tunisia needs a new approach to development.” United States Institute of Peace.
Boughzala, M. 2013, January. “Youth employment and economic transition in Tunisia (Working Paper No. 57).” Brookings Institution, Global Economy and Development.
Cagle, A. 2022, April 7. “Tunisia’s youth are demanding climate action.” Earthjustice.
Goedhuys, Micheline, Michael Grimm, Aline Meysonnat, Eleonora Nillesen, and Ann-Kristin Reitmann. 2021. “Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Illustration Using the Example of Tunisia.” IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
Kaabi, Y. 2021, August 20. “Tunisian youth lead community response to COVID-19.” IREX.
Maarfi, Henda. 2023. “The Tunisian Youth in a Whirlwind of Uncertainty.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Mansouri, F. 2020. “Youth and political engagement in post-revolution Tunisia.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(1), 104–120.
Rziga, E. 2023, September 5. “Youth for Climate Tunisia: Empowering change through art and activism.” Maft Mag.
World Bank. 2014, November 1. “Tunisia: Breaking the barriers to youth inclusion (Report No. 89233).”
Türkiye
Çağlar, Ali. 2022. “Turkish Youth 2021.” Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Turkey.
Craner, I., Karadag, Y., & Ates, Z. 2022, April 13. “The role of youth in Turkish politics and their concerns.” International Republican Institute.
Duvar English. 2021. “One Third of Turkish Youth Want to Live Abroad, Survey Finds.” duvaR.english
Ergur, S. 2022, July 1. “Almost 95% of youth view climate change as one of the most significant dangers faced by Turkey.” Climate Scorecard.
Idrizi, Zana, Susanna Dakash, Victor Lachenait, and Veronica Stefan. 2021. “Civic Participation of Youth in a Digital World: Rapid Analysis – Europe and Central Asia.” UNDP Istanbul Regional Hub for Europe and Central Asia.
International Labour Organization. 2022. “Youth employment in Turkey: Structural challenges and impact of the pandemic on Turkish and Syrian youth.”
Kanbur, N., & Akgül, S. 2020. “Quaranteenagers: A single country pandemic curfew targeting adolescents in Turkey.” The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(2), 296–297.
Makaryan, M. 2023, July 28. “Turkey’s young people wonder what’s next as Erdoğan starts another term.” Inkstick Media.
Siccardi, F. 2022, June 30. “Will green activism save Turkey’s democracy?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Turkish Statistical Institute. 2021. “Youth in Statistics, 2020.” TurkStat.
Turkish Statistical Institute. 2022. “Youth in Statistics, 2021.” TurkStat.
Yıldız, K. M. 2021, August 4. “Turkey’s youth worried about their social, economic well-being.” Duvar English.
United States
Auxier, Brooke, and Colleen McClain. 2020. “Americans Think Social Media Can Help Build Movements, but Can Also Be a Distraction.” Pew Research Center.
Baxter, Kent. 2008. The Modern Age: Turn-of-the-Century American Culture and the Invention of Adolescence. First edition. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Donger, E. 2022. “Children and Youth in Strategic Climate Litigation: Advancing Rights through Legal Argument and Legal Mobilization.” Transnational Environmental Law, 11(2), 263–289.
Funk, Cary. 2021. “Key Findings: How Americans’ Attitudes about Climate Change Differ by Generation, Party and Other Factors.” Pew Research Center.
Gaspard, P. 2023, April 24. “Congress Must Bolster Youth Employment Programs To Secure America’s Economic Future.” Center for American Progress.
Hurst, Kiley. 2022. “U.S. Teens Are More Likely than Adults to Support the Black Lives Matter Movement.” Pew Research Center.
Lipka, Michael, Becka A. Alper, and Justin Nortey. 2022. “Younger Evangelicals in the U.S. Are More Concerned than Their Elders about Climate Change.” Pew Research Center.
Martinchek, K. 2024. “Young Adults Are Feeling the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects Three Years Later, Especially in Communities of Color.” Urban Institute.
Sechopoulos, Stella. 2022. “Most in the U.S. Say Young Adults Today Face More Challenges than Their Parents’ Generation in Some Key Areas.” Pew Research Center.
Stone, M., Baker, L., & Stanford, L. 2023, October 16. “Why America Has a Youth Mental Health Crisis, and How Schools Can Help.” Education Week.
